European company law has been gradually codified, with a significant milestone being Directive (EU) 2017/1132. Although Member States retain separate national company laws, these are increasingly aligned with EU directives and regulations. The harmonization of company law aims to facilitate business activity within the European Union and to strengthen the single market. Key Aspects of

During the formation phase of a Societe Anonyme (S.A.), or company limited by shares, the company is treated as a partnership among its founders. This classification carries significant legal implications, particularly regarding liability for actions taken before the company’s official incorporation.

The first and most important step in establishing a producer’s liability for compensation under consumer protection law is clarifying what constitutes a defective product under the relevant legal framework. Defective Products – Not to Be Confused with Contractual Defects It is crucial to distinguish the concept of a defective product from other similar terms, such

A characteristic feature and fundamental advantage of certain companies (General Partnerships, Private Company Limited by Shares, Limited Liability Companies, Public Limited Companies) is the non-liability of their members with their personal assets regarding the company’s debts. However, concerning the company’s debts to the Public Treasury, it is possible, under certain conditions, that beyond the undisputed

A trademark constitutes a fundamental element of a business’s identity, ensuring the uniqueness and recognizability of its products or services. However, the unauthorized use of identical or similar marks by third parties can lead to an infringement of trademark rights, creating confusion among consumers and damaging the commercial value of the mark.